Cryptocurrencies and Digital Assets in the Modern Legal and Financial System of Russia: Problems of Terminology and Classification

The article is devoted to the problem of terminological uncertainty and the lack of a unified classification of cryptocurrencies and digital assets in modern Russian legislation. Despite the adoption of Federal Law from 31.07.2020 No. 259-FZ “On Digital Financial Assets, Digital Currency and Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”, there are many controversial issues in law enforcement practice regarding the legal status of cryptocurrencies and their place in the financial system. The article analyzes existing approaches to defining digital assets in Russian and international regulations, as well as in scientific literature. The variety of classifications and the variety of functional characteristics inherent in different types of cryptocurrencies and tokens are noted. Key contradictions between the decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies and attempts at government regulation are identified. The author’s definitions of digital currency, cryptoasset and cryptocurrency are formulated, taking into account technological, economic and legal aspects. Recommendations are proposed for improving legislation and developing agreed standards in the field of digital financial assets. The authors emphasize the need to balance the interests of the state, business, and society to ensure the successful development of the digital economy in Russia.

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