worldneweconomyМир новой экономикиThe world of new economy2220-64692220-7872Financial University under The Governtment оf The Russian Federation10.26794/2220-6469-2026-20-3-6-14worldneweconomy-673Research ArticleМИРОВАЯ ЭКОНОМИКАWORLD ECONOMYБюро промышленности и безопасности как один из основных агентов санкционной политики СШАThe Bureau of Industry and Security as one of the Main Agents of US Sanctions PolicyБойкоМ. В.BoykoM. V.

Максим Валентинович Бойко — стажер-исследователь Института финансово-промышленной политики и проблем экономической безопасности, аспирант кафедры мировой экономики и мировых финансов

Москва

Maxim V. Boyko — research intern of The Institute of Financial and Industrial Policy and Economic Security Problems, postgraduate student of the Department of World Economy and International Finance

Moscow

2511193@edu.fa.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7678-1283СильвестровС. Н.SilvestrovS. N.

Сергей Николаевич Сильвестров — доктор экономических наук, профессор кафедры мировой экономики и международных финансов, научный руководитель Института финансово-промышленной политики и проблем экономической безопасности

Москва

Sergey N. Silvestrov — Dr. Sci. (Econ.), scientific director of The Institute of Financial and Industrial Policy and Economic Security Problems, Professor of the Department of World Economy and International Finance

Moscow

SSilvestrov@fa.ruФинансовый университет при Правительстве Российской ФедерацииРоссияFinancial University under the Government of the Russian FederationRussian Federation202621092026203614Copyright © Бойко М.В., Сильвестров С.Н., 20262026Бойко М.В., Сильвестров С.Н.Boyko M.V., Silvestrov S.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://wne.fa.ru/jour/article/view/673

Актуальность. В условиях трансформации мировой экономики и усиления геополитической конфронтации санкционные механизмы все чаще распространяются на стратегически значимые и наукоемкие отрасли. В статье рассматривается Бюро промышленности и безопасности (BIS) Министерства торговли США как ключевой инструмент реализации санкционной политики в сфере экспортного контроля. Анализируются нормативно-правовая база (Правила экспортного контроля — EAR), система лицензирования и специализированные списки ограниченных лиц (Entity List, MEU List, Denied Persons List, Unverified List), формирующие механизмы как первичных, так и вторичных санкций. На основе разбора резонансных дел правоприменения (Applied Materials, Luminultra, Microsoft, Exyte Management, Indium Corporation, авиационные компании, Олег Пацуля и др.) выявлены системные паттерны преследования нарушителей. Самостоятельный раздел посвящен эмпирической оценке эффектов BIS по данным COMTRADE (2015–2024 гг.): фиксируется структурный разрыв в прямых американо-российских поставках по категориям двойного назначения с эффективностью 99+%, а также статистически значимая корреляция с ростом реэкспортных потоков через Китай и Казахстан. Сделан вывод о том, что BIS выступает агентом экстерриториального экономического принуждения, стимулируя формирование опосредованных каналов снабжения и налагая повышенные требования к комплаенсу для контрагентов из третьих стран.

Relevance. Amidst the transformation of the global economy and escalation of geopolitical confrontation, sanctions mechanisms are increasingly being extended to strategically important and knowledge-intensive industries. This article examines the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) of the U. S. Department of Commerce as a key instrument for implementing sanctions policy in the area of export controls. The legal and regulatory framework (Export Administration Regulations — EAR), the licensing system, and specialized restricted-party lists (Entity List, MEU List, Denied Persons List, Unverified List) are analysed, shaping mechanisms of both primary and secondary sanctions. Based on an analysis of high-profile enforcement cases (Applied Materials, Luminultra, Microsoft, Exyte Management, Indium Corporation, airlines, Oleg Patsulya, and others), systemic patterns of violation prosecution are identified. A separate section is devoted to an empirical assessment of effects of BIS based on COMTRADE data (2015–2024): a structural gap in direct U.S.-Russian supplies of dual-use categories with an effectiveness of 99+ per cent is identified, as well as a statistically significant correlation with the growth of re-export flows through China and Kazakhstan. It was concluded, that BIS operates as an agent of extraterritorial economic coercion, stimulating the formation of indirect supply channels and imposing increased compliance requirements on third-countries counterparties.

Бюро промышленности и безопасностиэкспортный контрольПравила экспортного контролявторичные санкциисписки ограниченных лицправоприменениереэкспортэкономическое принуждениетовары двойного назначенияBureau of Industry and Securityexport controlExport Administration Regulationssecondary sanctionsrestricted-party listsenforcementre-exporteconomic coerciondual-use goodsСтатья подготовлена по результатам исследований, выполненных за счет бюджетных средств по государственному заданию ФинуниверситетуThe paper was prepared based on the research results carried out at the expense of budgetary funds within the framework of the government research assignment to the Financial University.ReferencesLast R. BIS export enforcement’s 2024 year in review: Strengthening US national security through strategic action. Lexology. Jan. 08, 2025. URL: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=e01dc839‑b8a3-47baa362-74748411c19fLast R. BIS export enforcement’s 2024 year in review: Strengthening US national security through strategic action. Lexology. Jan. 08, 2025. URL: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=e01dc839‑b8a3-47baa362-74748411c19fСоколова Е. С., Алексеев П. В., Балюк И. А., и др. Перспективы трансформации современной мировой валютно-финансовой системы. М.: КноРус; 2024. 188 с.Sokolova E. S., Alekseev P. V., Balyuk I. A., et al. Prospects for the transformation of the modern global monetary and financial system. Moscow: KnoRus; 2024. 188 p. (In Russ.).Башков Д. Ю., Пищик В. Я. Энергоресурсы как детерминанта валютной стабильности: трансформация механизмов ценообразования в условиях геополитической сегментации. Мировая экономика и мировые финансы. 2026;5(2):100-111. DOI: 10.65324/wewf036Bashkov D.Yu., Pischik V. Ya. Energy resources as a determinant of currency stability: Transformation of pricing mechanisms in the context of geopolitical segmentation. Mirovaya ekonomika i mirovye finansy = World Economy and World Finance. 2026;5(2):100-111. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.65324/wewf036Cari N. Stinebower the BIS 50 percent ownership rule: A paradigm shift. Winston & Strawn. URL: https://www.winston.com/en/blogs-and-podcasts/global-trade-and-foreign-policy-insights/the-bis‑50‑percent-ownershiprule- a-paradigm-shiftCari N. Stinebower the BIS 50 percent ownership rule: A paradigm shift. Winston & Strawn. URL: https://www.winston.com/en/blogs-and-podcasts/global-trade-and-foreign-policy- insights/the-bis‑50‑percent-ownershiprule- a-paradigm-shiftPeters D. Siberian Airlines d/b/a S7 Airlines, 633104, Russia, Novosibirskaya obl., g. Ob. prospekt Mozzherina, d. 10 ofis 201; Order renewing temporary denial of export privileges. Federal Register. 2025. URL: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/12/08/2025-22199/siberian-airlines-dba-s7‑airlines‑633104‑russia-novosibirskaya- obl-g-ob-prospekt-mozzherina- d‑10Peters D. Siberian Airlines d/b/a S7 Airlines, 633104, Russia, Novosibirskaya obl., g. Ob. prospekt Mozzherina, d. 10 ofis 201; Order renewing temporary denial of export privileges. Federal Register. 2025. URL: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/12/08/2025-22199/siberian-airlines-dba-s7‑airlines‑633104‑russia-novosibirskaya- obl-g-ob-prospekt-mozzherina- d‑10Vesey D., Baek J., Schmitt T. G., et al. Department of Commerce imposes administrative penalty on German company for “causing” EAR99‑related violations in China. Arnold & Porter. Jan. 16, 2026. URL: https://www.arnoldporter.com/en/perspectives/blogs/enforcement-edge/2026/01/commerce-imposes-admin-penalty- forear99‑related- violations- in-chinaVesey D., Baek J., Schmitt T. G., et al. Department of Commerce imposes administrative penalty on German company for “causing” EAR99‑related violations in China. Arnold & Porter. Jan. 16, 2026. URL: https://www.arnoldporter.com/en/perspectives/blogs/enforcement-edge/2026/01/commerce-imposes-admin-penalty- forear99‑related- violations- in-chinaCross J., Boyd C. BIS and OFAC reach sanctions settlement with Microsoft. Herbert Smith Freehills Kramer. Apr. 17, 2023. URL: https://www.hsfkramer.com/notes/sanctions/2023-04/bis-and-ofac-reach-sanctionssettlement-with-microsoft/Cross J., Boyd C. BIS and OFAC reach sanctions settlement with Microsoft. Herbert Smith Freehills Kramer. Apr. 17, 2023. URL: https://www.hsfkramer.com/notes/sanctions/2023-04/bis-and-ofac-reach-sanctionssettlement-with-microsoft/Cohen I. Company fined by BIS after hiding exports to Iran, giving sanctions “discount”. Export Compliance Daily. Oct. 02, 2025. URL: https://exportcompliancedaily.com/article/2025/10/02/company-fined-by-bis-after-hiding-exports-to-iran-giving-sanctions-discount‑2510010060Cohen I. Company fined by BIS after hiding exports to Iran, giving sanctions “discount”. Export Compliance Daily. Oct. 02, 2025. URL: https://exportcompliancedaily.com/article/2025/10/02/company-fined-by-bis-after-hiding-exports-to-iran-giving-sanctions-discount‑2510010060Biase N., Scarff L., Wratchford S. Russian international money launderer sentenced to three years in prison for illicitly procuring large quantities of U.S.-manufactured dual-use, military grade microelectronics for Russian entities. United States Attorney’s Office. Jul. 17, 2024. URL: https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/russian-international-money-launderer-sentenced-three-years-prison-illicitly-procuringBiase N., Scarff L., Wratchford S. Russian international money launderer sentenced to three years in prison for illicitly procuring large quantities of U.S.-manufactured dual-use, military grade microelectronics for Russian entities. United States Attorney’s Office. Jul. 17, 2024. URL: https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/russian-international-money-launderer-sentenced-three-years-prison-illicitly-procuringFisher S. In the matter of Vladimir Kuznetsov, inmate number: 91806-053, FCI Allenwood Low, Federal Correctional Institution, P. O. Box 1000, White Deer, PA 17887; Order denying export privileges. Federal Register. Aug. 08, 2025. URL: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/08/28/2025-16530/in-thematter-of-vladimir-kuznetsov-inmate-number‑91806- 053‑fci-allenwood-low-federal-correctionalFisher S. In the matter of Vladimir Kuznetsov, inmate number: 91806-053, FCI Allenwood Low, Federal Correctional Institution, P. O. Box 1000, White Deer, PA 17887; Order denying export privileges. Federal Register. Aug. 08, 2025. URL: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/08/28/2025-16530/in-thematter-of-vladimir-kuznetsov-inmate-number‑91806- 053‑fci-allenwood-low-federal-correctional

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.