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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">worldneweconomy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Мир новой экономики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The world of new economy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2220-6469</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2220-7872</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Financial University under The Governtment оf The Russian Federation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26794/2220-6469-2025-19-2-22-32</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">worldneweconomy-510</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКОНОМИКА XXI ВЕКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ECONOMY OF THE XXI CENTURY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Криптовалюты и цифровые активы в современной правовой и финансовой системе России: проблемы терминологии и классификации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cryptocurrencies and Digital Assets in the Modern Legal and Financial System of Russia: Problems of Terminology and Classification</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5004-9814</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крупочкин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krupochkin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анатолий Владимирович Крупочкин — главный специалист, ООО «Салым Петролеум Девелопмент»</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anatoly V. Krupochkin — chief specialist, Salym Petroleum Development LLC</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">9683601984@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9033-4669</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хоминич</surname><given-names>И. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khominich</surname><given-names>I. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ирина Петровна Хоминич — доктор экономических наук, профессор кафедры мировых финансовых рынков и финтеха</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina P. Khominich — Dr.Sci. (Econ.), Professor of the Global Financial Markets and Fintech Department</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Khominich.IP@rea.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский экономический университет имени Г.В. Плеханова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Plekhanov Russian University of Economics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>22</fpage><lpage>32</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Крупочкин А.В., Хоминич И.П., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Крупочкин А.В., Хоминич И.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Krupochkin A.V., Khominich I.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://wne.fa.ru/jour/article/view/510">https://wne.fa.ru/jour/article/view/510</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена проблеме терминологической неопределенности и отсутствия единой классификации криптовалют и цифровых активов в современном российском законодательстве. Несмотря на принятие Федерального закона от 31.07.2020 № 259-ФЗ «О цифровых финансовых активах, цифровой валюте и о внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации», в правоприменительной практике остается множество спорных вопросов относительно правового статуса криптовалют и их места в финансовой системе. В статье проанализированы существующие подходы к определению цифровых активов в российских и международных нормативных актах, а также в научной литературе. Отмечено разнообразие классификаций и функциональных характеристик, присущих различным видам криптовалют и токенов. Выявлены ключевые противоречия между децентрализованной природой криптовалют и попытками государственного регулирования. Сформулированы авторские определения цифровой валюты, криптоактива и криптовалюты, учитывающие технологические, экономические и правовые аспекты. Предложены рекомендации по совершенствованию законодательства и выработке согласованных стандартов в сфере цифровых финансовых активов. Авторы подчеркивают необходимость достижения баланса интересов государства, бизнеса и общества для успешного развития цифровой экономики в России.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article is devoted to the problem of terminological uncertainty and the lack of a unified classification of cryptocurrencies and digital assets in modern Russian legislation. Despite the adoption of Federal Law from 31.07.2020 No. 259-FZ “On Digital Financial Assets, Digital Currency and Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”, there are many controversial issues in law enforcement practice regarding the legal status of cryptocurrencies and their place in the financial system. The article analyzes existing approaches to defining digital assets in Russian and international regulations, as well as in scientific literature. The variety of classifications and the variety of functional characteristics inherent in different types of cryptocurrencies and tokens are noted. Key contradictions between the decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies and attempts at government regulation are identified. The author’s definitions of digital currency, cryptoasset and cryptocurrency are formulated, taking into account technological, economic and legal aspects. Recommendations are proposed for improving legislation and developing agreed standards in the field of digital financial assets. The authors emphasize the need to balance the interests of the state, business, and society to ensure the successful development of the digital economy in Russia.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>криптовалюта</kwd><kwd>цифровой актив</kwd><kwd>цифровая валюта</kwd><kwd>блокчейн</kwd><kwd>распределенный реестр</kwd><kwd>правовое регулирование</kwd><kwd>классификация</kwd><kwd>децентрализованные финансы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cryptocurrency</kwd><kwd>digital asset</kwd><kwd>digital currency</kwd><kwd>blockchain</kwd><kwd>distributed ledger</kwd><kwd>legal regulation</kwd><kwd>classification</kwd><kwd>decentralized finance</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Габов А.В. Цифровой рубль центрального банка как объект гражданских прав. Актуальные проблемы российского права. 2021;16(4):55–65. 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